Acorn 6502 Pdf

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Acorn TUBE 6502 64K If not, recheck the connections, and reseat the Tube end of the connector half a dozen or so times, as it could have become tarnished over the years. If using on a BBC Master, and you don't get that startup message, it could simply be disabled in the configuration. Try issuing the following star command:.CONFIGURE TUBE.

A BBC Micro expansion unit, for the BBC Micro is one of a number of peripherals in a box with the same profile and styling as the main computer.

Second Processors[edit]

– A 6502 Second Processor fitted with a flat cable and a mains lead. – Two chips: one is called DNFS, and the other is Hi-BASIC. These are ROMs (Read Only Memory). If you have just bought your Second Processor from a dealer, these ROMs may. Please call Acorn Computers Customer Service Department, on Cambridge (0223) 210111, for advice. Acorn 6809 This Acorn eurocard is a plug in replacement for the 6502 C.P.U. Card for those who wish to upgrade their system to make use of the advanced facilities of Motorolas most powerful 8-bit processor the 6809, this microprocessor is generally considered to be the programmers processor and is ideally suited to run high level.

The second processors are connected to Acorn's proprietary and trademarked Tube interface. Only one second processor unit could be connected at a time to a BBC Micro, although a Master 128 could also have a co-processor fitted internally at the same time.^[1] The terminology of second processor was slightly misleading, since connected and switched on, the system worked on a 'host-parasite' model, with the processor in the external unit taking control while the 6502 in the 'main' computer simply took on responsibility for I/O.

6502 Second Processor[edit]

The 6502 Second Processor (using a 65C02) was clocked at 3 MHz, a full 50% faster than the 6502 inside a BBC Model B, and also had 64 KB of RAM, of which typically 30–44 KB was free for application data (compared to as little as 8.5 KB on an unexpanded Model B in graphics mode, or only 5.75 KB with the disc interface). A version of BBC BASIC II, called Hi-BASIC, was delivered on ROM with this processor together with a DNFS ROM containing the latest versions of the disc filing system (DFS) and Econet network filing system (NFS). The product was launched with a price of £199.^[2]

The Bitstik CAD system,^[3] originally developed by Robocom for the Apple II,^[4] was offered as an accessory for the 6502 Second Processor, also requiring dual 80-track floppy drives. The Bitstik system itself was introduced with a price of around £375, which combined with floppy drives estimated at £500, the second processor at £199, the cost of the BBC Micro itself at £399, and the price of a colour monitor (Acorn recommending their own RGB monitor^[3](pp2)), the total investment was estimated to be between £1500 to £2000 depending on any particular customer's existing equipment and preferences.^[5] Featuring a three-axis joystick, offering the usual two-dimensional navigation plus a knob to control zooming, the software worked in the high-resolution four-colour display mode, providing support for the display and editing of scalable vector graphics. The dual-drive arrangement was necessary to allow the first drive to provide access to the utilities and for the second drive to act as a 'drawing buffer'.^[6]

Various CAD programs were able to take advantage of the 6502 Second Processor, as was the second processor-specific version of Elite. Hi versions of View, WordWise and Intersheet were also produced.

Z80 Second Processor[edit]

The Z80 Second Processor featured a Z80B CPU running at 6 MHz accessing 64 KB of RAM. It required the floppy disc upgrade and, being aimed at business, enabled the BBC system to run CP/M programs. As noted in one review, with reference to the intended appeal of the BBC Micro to the home, education and business markets, with the Z80 second processor 'Acorn have completed the BBC Microcomputer system as originally planned'.^[5]

The product was launched in mid-1984 at a price of £299 and included an estimated £3000 worth of bundled software that included the CP/M 2.2 operating system itself (with GSX graphics), CIS Cobol and utilities from Microfocus, the Memo Plan, Graph Plan and File Plan office applications from Chang Laboratories, the Accountant and Nucleus packages from Compact Accounting Services, and two BASIC implementations: Z80 BBC BASIC and Mallard Professional BASIC.^[7]

Despite 'a policy of continuous improvement', Acorn apparently abandoned plans to update the software bundle in mid-1986 due to a review of the CP/M market.^[8]

32016 Second Processor[edit]

Originally referred to as the Gluon, a National Semiconductor 32016 second processor solution was apparently planned for the BBC Micro and for other 8-bit microcomputers, with the BBC Micro version employing the Tube interface and offering a quarter of a megabyte of RAM, whereas the 'Universal Gluon' would be connected to a microcomputer acting as a terminal using a serial or parallel interface, offer up to 1 MB of RAM, up to 5 MB of hard disk storage, and either a minimal operating system or Unix.^[9] Subsequent news of the second processor indicated the renaming of the product, dropping the Gluon name, the use of Acorn's own Panos operating system instead of Xenix, with availability in 1985.^[10]

The 6502 Second Processor (using a 65C02) was clocked at 3 MHz, a full 50% faster than the 6502 inside a BBC Model B, and also had 64 KB of RAM, of which typically 30–44 KB was free for application data (compared to as little as 8.5 KB on an unexpanded Model B in graphics mode, or only 5.75 KB with the disc interface). A version of BBC BASIC II, called Hi-BASIC, was delivered on ROM with this processor together with a DNFS ROM containing the latest versions of the disc filing system (DFS) and Econet network filing system (NFS). The product was launched with a price of £199.^[2]

The Bitstik CAD system,^[3] originally developed by Robocom for the Apple II,^[4] was offered as an accessory for the 6502 Second Processor, also requiring dual 80-track floppy drives. The Bitstik system itself was introduced with a price of around £375, which combined with floppy drives estimated at £500, the second processor at £199, the cost of the BBC Micro itself at £399, and the price of a colour monitor (Acorn recommending their own RGB monitor^[3](pp2)), the total investment was estimated to be between £1500 to £2000 depending on any particular customer's existing equipment and preferences.^[5] Featuring a three-axis joystick, offering the usual two-dimensional navigation plus a knob to control zooming, the software worked in the high-resolution four-colour display mode, providing support for the display and editing of scalable vector graphics. The dual-drive arrangement was necessary to allow the first drive to provide access to the utilities and for the second drive to act as a 'drawing buffer'.^[6]

Various CAD programs were able to take advantage of the 6502 Second Processor, as was the second processor-specific version of Elite. Hi versions of View, WordWise and Intersheet were also produced.

Z80 Second Processor[edit]

The Z80 Second Processor featured a Z80B CPU running at 6 MHz accessing 64 KB of RAM. It required the floppy disc upgrade and, being aimed at business, enabled the BBC system to run CP/M programs. As noted in one review, with reference to the intended appeal of the BBC Micro to the home, education and business markets, with the Z80 second processor 'Acorn have completed the BBC Microcomputer system as originally planned'.^[5]

The product was launched in mid-1984 at a price of £299 and included an estimated £3000 worth of bundled software that included the CP/M 2.2 operating system itself (with GSX graphics), CIS Cobol and utilities from Microfocus, the Memo Plan, Graph Plan and File Plan office applications from Chang Laboratories, the Accountant and Nucleus packages from Compact Accounting Services, and two BASIC implementations: Z80 BBC BASIC and Mallard Professional BASIC.^[7]

Despite 'a policy of continuous improvement', Acorn apparently abandoned plans to update the software bundle in mid-1986 due to a review of the CP/M market.^[8]

32016 Second Processor[edit]

Originally referred to as the Gluon, a National Semiconductor 32016 second processor solution was apparently planned for the BBC Micro and for other 8-bit microcomputers, with the BBC Micro version employing the Tube interface and offering a quarter of a megabyte of RAM, whereas the 'Universal Gluon' would be connected to a microcomputer acting as a terminal using a serial or parallel interface, offer up to 1 MB of RAM, up to 5 MB of hard disk storage, and either a minimal operating system or Unix.^[9] Subsequent news of the second processor indicated the renaming of the product, dropping the Gluon name, the use of Acorn's own Panos operating system instead of Xenix, with availability in 1985.^[10]

The product that was eventually delivered is a sophisticated second processor expansion sometimes branded as 'Acorn Cambridge Co-Processor' with an Acorn logo, and sometimes as 'BBC Microcomputer System 32016 Second Processor' along with the BBC Micro's owl logo. The device uses the 32016 CPU and 32081 FPU running at 6 MHz. It runs the non-graphical Panosoperating system. Various programming languages are available including C, FORTRAN, Lisp, and Pascal, in addition to a version of BBC BASIC. Initially offered as the 32016 Second Processor with 256 KB of RAM,^[11] the expansion was subsequently delivered as the Cambridge Co-Processor with 512 KB or 1 MB of RAM as standard.^[12]

The 32016 second processor is also present as part of the Acorn Cambridge Workstation using an 8 MHz CPU^[13] and 4 MB of RAM, sold as part of the Acorn Business Computer line. Originally, Acorn had apparently sought to use CPUs rated for 10 MHz, but seemed to have settled for available parts as the different products were introduced. The second processor board was also able to use 64-kilobit or 256-kilobit RAM devices, thus allowing the earlier 256 KB specification to be upgraded to 1 MB as the higher-density devices became available and affordable.^[14]

Universal Second Processor Unit[edit]

The Universal Second Processor Unit was an adapter for BBC Master internal co-processor boards, to allow them to be used as external co-processors. It comprised a power supply, interface logic and a connector that matched the internal co-processor connector built into the BBC Master main board. This allowed the BBC B and B+ to use the Turbo board (4 MHz 65C102 with 64 KB of RAM) and the Master 512 board (10 MHz 80186 with 512 kKB of RAM), by fitting them into this expansion unit. It also allowed the BBC Master to have two internal co-processor boards connected, only one of which could be enabled through software.^[15]

ARM Evaluation System[edit]

The ARM Evaluation System was announced in July 1986 for fourth quarter availability at a cost of £4,500 plus VAT.^[16] As one of the first production RISC processors, the ARM Evaluation System was part of the development programme leading to the Acorn Archimedes and its early Arthur operating system. It was not branded 'BBC', but it is physically contained within the family's 'cheese wedge' case. The ARM 1 processor was clocked at 8 MHz, and was fitted with 2 MB or 4 MB of RAM.

In 2006, a new ARM processor board using an ARM7TDMI processor was designed and sold, without an enclosure but able to fit within the original case.^[17]

Other Second Processors[edit]

Several other second processor solutions were produced by third party suppliers, typically employing a different style of casing than the standard expansion unit profile, with some using the 1 MHz bus instead of the Tube connector, and with others merely providing a conventional serial link.

Z80 second processors offering 64 KB of RAM and CP/M-compatible operating systems included the Multiform Z80 from Technomatic, priced at £299,^[18] and several products from Torch Computers such as the Z80 Disc Pack (ZDP) and ZEP, the latter priced at around £340.^[19]

Torch also offered the Intel 8088-based Graduate running MS-DOS and having 256 KB of RAM and dual floppy drives, priced at £1000 plus VAT,^[20] and the Z80- and 68000-based HDP68K or Unicorn, the latter running Unix and having 256 KB of RAM or more, floppy drive and 20 MB hard drive.^[21]

Various other 68000-based second processor solutions were offered, such as the Casper by CA Special Products,^[22] the Cambridge Microprocessor Systems 68000 second processor,^[23] the Flight Electronics 68000 processor board,^[24] and the Micro Developments MD512k Universal Second Processor System.^[25]

Cumana chose to produce a 68008 second processor running the OS-9 operating system that was installed into the 6502 CPU socket, relocating the 6502 to the second processor board itself, and providing 512 KB RAM and its own disk controller. It was priced at £695 plus VAT.^[26]

Cambridge Microprocessor Systems and Control Universal both offered 6809 second processor solutions supporting the FLEX operating system.^[27]

Permanent Memory Systems produced a 6502 second processor, the B2P 6502, employing a 2 MHz 65C02 processor - as opposed to the faster 6502 device used by the Acorn 6502 Second Processor unit - together with 64 KB of RAM. Connecting to the Tube and 1 MHz bus connectors, the expansion did not use Acorn's Tube ULA and thus risked incompatibility with some software written for the Acorn unit, but the benefit of this approach was the B2P's more competitive price of around £100.^[28]

Adapters[edit]

The adapters connected to the BBC Micro's 1 MHz bus interface. Adapters could be daisy-chained, allowing more than one to be fitted.

Teletext adapter[edit]

The teletext-like 'Mode 7' display mode inside the 8-bit BBC Micros made a broadcast teletext adapter an obvious expansion, and the BBC would broadcast telesoftware free over Ceefax. The hardware and software design was created by Graham Toal.^[29] The initial software to use the adapter was quite basic but the BBC decided to rewrite it and produced the Advanced Teletext System. This new ROM added several new features including support for the new Fastext system, which introduced the four coloured buttons subsequently found almost ubiquitously on European remote controls, including the 'red button' which remains a feature of digital television broadcasting.

The adapter itself was mains powered with its own power switch matching the one on the BBC microcomputer. Connection to the computer was via a ribbon cable and the only other connector on the adapter was a female 75ohm TV aerial (in) connector. The adapter contained four manual tuning wheels to receive signals from four different broadcast channels. Rear view of the adapter. Once tuned, use of the adapter, including switching channels, was controlled via the computer. Teletext pages were displayed on the computer monitor.

Prestel adapter[edit]

The Prestel adapter was essentially a modem fitted into the 'cheese wedge'-shaped case. It enabled the user to connect to Prestel viewdata services over a telephone line.

IEEE 488 interface[edit]

Allowed the BBC Micro to talk over an IEEE-488 bus to specialised equipment. 'Acorn' rather than 'BBC' branded.

Econet bridge[edit]

Used to connect two Econet segments together. An Econet bridge is capable of automatically learning a simple network topology and selectively forwarding packets from one LAN segment to the other using a simple routing table based on the contents of the network byte in the Econet packet.

The Econet bridge is unique among the cheese wedge expansions, in that it is a stand-alone device that does not require a BBC computer to operate.

References[edit]

1. ^'Plug-in boards boost power'. Acorn User. February 1986. p. 11. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
2. ^Williamson, Clive (May 1984). 'New Dimension in Time and Space?'. Acorn User. pp. 39, 84. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
3. ^ ^abFor ideas that can multiply...(PDF). Acorn Computers Limited.
4. ^Simpson, Richard (April 1984). 'Low cost step into design'. Bits & Bytes. p. 42. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
5. ^ ^abWebb, Mark (August 1984). 'Processor Progress'. A&B Computing. pp. 42–46. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
6. ^Mudge, Robin (May 1984). 'CAD Within Your Grasp'. Acorn User. pp. 27–29, 98. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
7. ^'Business Bundle'. Acorn User. June 1984. pp. 26–27, 31. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
8. ^'Acorn drops Z80 upgrade'. Acorn User. August 1986. p. 159. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
9. ^'Chris Curry of Acorn'(PDF). Practical Computing. October 1982. pp. 62–63, 69, 71. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
10. ^'Add-ons out..almost'. Acorn User. December 1984. p. 10. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
11. ^The British Broadcasting Corporation Microcomputer 32016 Second Processor(PDF). Acorn Computers Limited. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
12. ^Cambridge Co-Processor User Guide(PDF). Acorn Computers Limited. July 1985. p. 5.
13. ^Cullis, Roger (October 1985). 'Cambridge 32016 Co-Processor'(PDF). Practical Computing. Retrieved 18 October 2020. The 32016 processor is clocked at 6MHz, compared with 8MHz on the Cambridge Workstation.
14. ^'Acorn dispels superchip doubt'. Acorn User. July 1984. p. 7. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
15. ^Taylor, Gordon (August 1987). 'BBC to PC by Tube'. A&B Computing. pp. 9–11. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
16. ^'ACORN COMPUTERS ANNOUNCE THE AVAILABILITY OF AN EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR THEIR SINGLE CHIP, 32-BIT REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER - THE ARM'(PDF) (Press release). 7 July 1986. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
17. ^'Sprow's webpages - Internal or external ARM coprocessor'. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
18. ^Brown, Ed (October 1986). 'Improve Your Memory'. Acorn User. pp. 143, 145. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
19. ^Williams, Simon (April 1985). 'Can the ZEP 100 Zap the Acorn Z80?'. Acorn User. pp. 141, 143–144. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
20. ^Vogler, Jon (June 1985). 'Torch Graduate'. Personal Computer World. pp. 162–163. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
21. ^Cummins, Andrew; Voke, Peter (September 1984). 'Unicorn: Cheapest Route to Unix'. Acorn User. pp. 139, 141, 165. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
22. ^'News in brief'. Acorn User. December 1986. p. 15. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
23. ^'News in brief'. Acorn User. March 1987. p. 15. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
24. ^'BBC take Flight'. Acorn User. June 1987. p. 7. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
25. ^'High Speed CP/M Compatibility at Low Cost with the MD512k Universal Second Processor System'. Acorn User. October 1986. p. 101. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
26. ^'Cumana launch 16-bit processor'. Acorn User. November 1985. p. 9. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
27. ^Grace, Clive (July 1985). 'Flexible Options'. A&B Computing. pp. 109–112. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
28. ^Rietti, Benjamin (March 1987). 'Second Half'. Acorn User. p. 145. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
29. ^'Acorn (Was Re: Reading PDP-8 paper tapes)'. mdfs.net.

External links[edit]

General[edit]

32016[edit]

Acorn Cambridge Workstation[edit]

ARM Evaluation System[edit]

• The look and layout of the original book has been preserved.
• A large number of error corrections have been applied to the text.
• All diagrams have been redrawn in vectors.
• There is extensive hyperlinking - click on any reference to a page, chapter or section to jump directly to the relevant page.

Acorn 6502 Pdf

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